Have you ever wondered if there’s a link between how we write the tops of letters and what’s going on in our heads?
Well, graphology says there is. The upper zone of your handwriting (those tall parts of letters like l, t, h, etc.) shows how your mind works—how clearly you think, how you reason things out, reflect, and dream about the future.

Having strong mental skills is key to reaching goals, making good decisions, and planning your life in a smart way. That’s why looking at how these qualities show up in your handwriting—especially in those strokes that rise upward—can give us amazing insight into your thinking style, imagination, and how you organise your thoughts.

What the Upper Zone Tells Us

By studying the upper parts of letters, we can get a better idea of how someone thinks, how they structure ideas, whether they think ahead, and whether their thinking is creative, scattered, logical, or a bit blocked.
It’s like a window into your mind—through your handwriting.

So, What Letters Are We Talking About?

The upper zone is the tallest part of your letters. It shows up in letters like b, d, f, h, k, l, t, the dots on your i’s, the bars on your t’s, accents, capital letters, and even question marks.
These strokes start in the middle zone of the handwriting, go up, and then usually come back down.

You’ll also find two key movements in this part of the letter:

• Profiles – the strokes that go up to form the top of the letter.
• Plenos – the strokes that come down and return to the middle of the line.

What Do These Strokes Say About You?

From a psychological angle, those upward strokes (called hampas in graphology) tell us a lot about your mindset—what kind of thoughts fill your head, how creative you are, what dreams or worries you might have.

The profile (upward stroke) can show how far you want to go in life or how much you dream.
The pleno (downward stroke) shows whether you’re able to turn those dreams into real plans and actions—it reflects balance between ideas and reality.

Details like how you dot your i’s, cross your t’s, or write capital letters all add even more layers to this mental profile.

What else Matters?

The Upper Zone as a Window into Your Thoughts

Besides the strokes themselves, graphologists also look at:

• The size of the upper strokes compared to the rest.
• The shape and clarity of the letters.
• How letters connect.
• Writing pressure (how hard you press the pen).
• Stroke thickness.
• Any shakiness, twisting, or messy spots.

These little things can hint at inner stress or mental blocks.

For example, torsions—weird curves or distortions in the letter shapes—can point to physical tension (like health issues) or emotional stuff like insecurity or low self-esteem.

Going Up and Coming Back Down

Every upper stroke is made of two moves: One that goes up (your ambition), and one that comes back down (your grounding).
The upward stroke tells us how much you reach for your ideals and future goals.
The downward stroke shows whether you can actually bring those dreams down to earth and make them happen.

Sometimes, upper zones are so small that letters like l and e start to look the same—this could suggest limited aspirations or self-expression.

Let’s Break It Down:

1. Tall Upper Zones = High Hopes
When those tall strokes are high, it usually means you want to grow, improve, and aim high—whether it’s spiritually, mentally, or personally.
But just dreaming isn’t enough. You need energy to act on those goals.

2. Writing Pressure = Inner Energy
If your writing has strong pressure, it shows strength, persistence, and motivation.
But if your letters are tall and the pressure is weak, it might mean you dream a lot but don’t always have the energy or drive to make it real.

3. Tension = Resilience
Tension in handwriting shows your ability to deal with challenges.
Good tension? You can stay strong when things get tough.
No tension? You might give up easily or feel overwhelmed.

4. When Dreams Don’t Match Reality
Big dreams but low pressure and tension? That could mean:

• You’re idealistic but not very grounded
• You struggle to act on your goals
• You feel frustrated, anxious, or helpless at times

On the flip side, a low upper zone might suggest someone who avoids conflict, struggles to assert themselves, or lets others’ opinions take over.

In a Nutshell:

Looking at the upper zone of your handwriting is like looking into your mental world.
It can reveal how you think, how strong your ideas are, whether you believe in your dreams—and whether you can turn those ideas into action.

The Symbolism of Space was one of the first topics we explored — and that’s no coincidence. To truly understand how graphology works, we must first become familiar with the symbolic meaning embedded in handwritten expression.

Why is it so important?

Every time we interpret a doodle, a piece of writing, or a drawing on a sheet of paper, we use spatial symbolism as a guide to uncover what that graphic expression is really communicating.
According to Max Pulver, spatial symbolism is a fundamental concept in graphology. It refers to how the layout of writing on a page reflects the inner world of the writer.

Who was Max Pulver?

Max Pulver was a Swiss psychologist, graphologist, and philosopher of the 20th century, regarded as one of the leading theorists in graphology. He was the first to develop a symbolic approach to graphic space, drawing on concepts from depth psychology — particularly the work of Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud.

1. The Blank Page: A Reflection of Your Life

A blank page is more than just a surface to write or draw on — it symbolises your life and your personal space. When you write or draw, you project who you are. Every graphic gesture expresses something about your personality, your emotional world, and the way you relate to others.

2. What Is Spatial Symbolism?

Pulver viewed the blank page as a symbolic space representing various aspects of life, the unconscious, and personality. Each area of the page carries a specific meaning.
When analysing a piece of handwriting or a drawing, the first thing to observe is how it interacts with the space on the page.

3. The Graphic Gesture: An Extension of the Self

The way a person organises space on the page reflects the development of their identity.
It is very different when someone respects margins and distributes text in a balanced way, compared to someone who fills the entire page or leaves large blank areas.
Writing is a mirror of the self.

Analysing Spatial Use in Spontaneous Writing

In a graphological test, if spontaneous writing is concentrated in only one quadrant of the page, it reveals two key aspects:

• Limited use of the surrounding space: Of all the possibilities offered by the page
• (representing the person’s current life context), the individual only makes use of a small part.
• Symbolic relationship with the chosen quadrant: The choice of a particular area may indicate a need for refuge, a desire for safety or protection, or unresolved inner conflicts that symbolically manifest in that specific section.
  This phenomenon is known as quadrant psychology.

4. What Do We Observe in a Written or Drawn Page?

The observation process takes place in four key stages:

• Position of the writing: Where does the writing appear — on the left, right, top, bottom, or in the centre? This is not random. According to spatial symbolism, each zone has meaning (e.g. the left is associated with the past, the right with the future).
• Use of space: How is the available space used? Are some areas overcrowded while others remain empty? Is there a sense of balance? This gives insight into how the person organises their inner world, their priorities, and how they express themselves.
• Style of strokes: What shapes are repeated? What about pressure, rhythm, and direction? This forms part of the formal analysis, where we closely examine the visible features of each letter.
• Internal balance of the strokes: Is there harmony between the left and right, top and bottom parts of the text or drawing? This balance (or imbalance) also reveals much about the individual’s emotional or psychological state.

5. Applications of Spatial Symbolism

This approach is widely used in projective psychological tests, such as the HTP (House-Tree-Person). Freud introduced this symbolic reading into psychology, and in the field of graphology, Max Pulver pioneered the link between handwriting and social behaviour.
He developed a system of graphic symbols with profound psychological meanings.

These symbolic zones can be applied to any graphic element — whether it’s a text, a signature, a drawing, or a single letter.

6. How the Quadrants Are Divided

By drawing two lines (one horizontal, one vertical) that intersect in the middle of the page:

• The horizontal axis (left to right) represents time — from past to future.
• The vertical axis (top to bottom) represents vital space — like the human body: head at the top, feet at the bottom.

What Does Each Zone Reveal?

Spatial Symbolism of the Page: A Mirror of Your Inner World

When a person faces a blank sheet of paper, that surface is not merely a medium for writing or drawing—it symbolises their life, their vital space, and their inner world. Each area of the page—left, right, top, bottom, and centre—carries a specific symbolic value. The way in which the space is used, what is written, what is left out, and what remains blank, all convey profound information about the individual’s personality, emotions, and relationships.

Horizontal Division: Freud’s Model of the Psyche

Upper Zone
This refers to the top third of the page. It is associated with the mental and psychic plane, including thoughts, aspirations, spirituality, and intellect. In Freud’s theory of the psychic apparatus, this area corresponds to the Superego, the part of the psyche that represents moral conscience, ideals, and internalised norms.

Central Zone
Located at the centre of the page, this zone relates to feelings, emotions, everyday life, and personal needs. According to Freud, it corresponds to the Ego—the conscious part of the personality that mediates between the desires of the Id and the demands of the Superego. This zone symbolises the individual’s present and their connection to reality.

Lower Zone
From the middle of the page downwards, this area represents the concrete and biological realm—basic needs, instincts, material concerns, and the need for security and stability. Freud associated this with the Id, the most instinctive part of the psyche, where primal drives and basic needs reside.

Vertical Division: From Self to Other

When the page is divided vertically (from left to right), it reveals a symbolic journey from the Self to the Other—showing how the writer engages with the outside world, the future, and interpersonal relationships. This direction reflects whether the individual approaches life with confidence, openness, and hope, or with fear, insecurity, and withdrawal.

Left Zone
This area symbolises the past, early attachments, the maternal bond, memories, and regressive aspects of the personality. It is associated with an immature Self, introversion, and difficulty in detaching from past experiences.

Right Zone
This zone represents the future, forward projection, plans, communication, and openness to new experiences. It corresponds to a mature Self, capable of adapting and engaging with the external world.

7. Practical Examples

• Writing that leans to the right: Initiative, extroversion, future-orientation.
• Writing that leans to the left: Attachment to the past, introversion, maternal bonds.
• Centred writing: May indicate narcissism or a desire to be at the centre of attention.
• Predominantly upper zones: An idealistic person or one with strong mental activity. May also suggest escapism.
• Predominantly lower zones: A practical, grounded person who may express emotions through the body (e.g. through food, physical activity).
• Predominantly middle zones: A hypersensitive person who experiences life with emotional intensity.

Final Conclusions

Your handwriting is an emotional map. Each area you occupy — and each space you leave blank — reveals something profound about your personality.
Through spatial symbolism, graphology enables us to move beyond mere words and uncover how your inner world is expressed on paper… and in life.

This way of organising space is deeply linked to your emotional state, your inner equilibrium, and how you relate to the world around you.

It’s important to remember that handwriting is not fixed — it evolves as you go through different experiences and personal transformations.
For this reason, it can become a powerful tool for self-discovery and psychological insight.

Graphology in the Workplace: A Growing Recruitment Tool

Today, graphology is gaining more ground as a powerful tool for personnel selection. Did you know that many major companies already use it in their hiring processes?

Although the study of handwriting began in the 19th century, over time it has evolved into a valuable tool for businesses. It belongs to the category of projective tests, yet stands out due to the many advantages it offers.

Handwriting in Hiring: What’s Behind the Graphology Test?

You’re in the middle of a selection process: personal interviews, group dynamics, psychometric tests… and suddenly, you’re asked to complete a handwriting analysis.

But what exactly are recruiters looking for in your writing or signature? What does your handwriting reveal about you?

The answer is simple: handwriting, like facial features, is a unique expression of identity.

Why Your Handwriting Matters in Job Interviews?

Some HR departments use graphology to identify personality traits that could directly influence how a candidate performs in a role. Through a spontaneous piece of writing—not copied or rehearsed—the goal is to tap into the unconscious mind, unveiling competencies, attitudes, and key aspects of a person’s character.

Today, applying for a job is easier than ever thanks to online platforms. However, as you move through the selection stages, you may be asked to write a handwritten letter or paragraph. The purpose isn’t to judge your penmanship, but to understand who you truly are—and whether your profile aligns with the competencies required for the role.

How Graphology Helps Companies Find the Right Talent

A graphologist can analyze various intellectual and emotional traits, such as:

• Willpower, perseverance, and personal values.
• Emotional stability, adaptability, and self-regulation.
• Behavioral patterns and unconscious blocks.
• Professional competencies and role suitability (e.g., leadership vs. support roles).

This offers a complete picture of your character, personality, strengths, skills, and development areas.

You might like this article—keep reading here: Graphology Chart.

How to Prepare for a Graphology Test: 4 Simple Tips

1. Relax: Take three deep breaths before you start writing.
2. Plan your layout: Think about where to place the date, your name, the company name, and your signature.
3. Avoid corrections: Excessive cross-outs or edits may reflect confusion or insecurity.
4. Don’t try to write “neatly”: The analysis isn’t about visual beauty, but about structure, margins, rhythm, pressure, slant, size, and more.

The graphologist will also assess how you use space on the page—where you position text, how you manage margins, balance, and your signature.

Graphology: A Strategic Tool in Recruitment

In any hiring process, it’s essential to assess both technical skills and the values and competencies that will support the candidate’s performance and development in the role.

Can handwriting reveal responsibility, emotional balance, or leadership potential? Surprisingly, yes. Every stroke, space, and shape on the page reflects deeper aspects of a person’s psyche. That’s why more HR professionals are turning to graphology as a complementary evaluation tool.

This technique doesn’t just provide a new perspective—it streamlines decision-making by identifying whether a candidate truly matches the required competencies.

How Does Graphology Help in Recruitment?

Used as a support tool, graphology assists HR professionals in detecting qualities that may not be evident through interviews or resumes.

Understanding the Competency Filter in Recruitment

It’s a method that helps select only those candidates who truly possess the values, skills, and aptitudes needed for a specific role—making recruitment faster and more efficient.

The 3 Competencies Employers Look For—Which One Defines You?

1. Leadership Competencies: For executive or managerial roles.
2. General Competencies: Responsibility, ethics, emotional stability—useful in nearly all jobs.
3. Job-Specific Competencies: For example, communication skills in sales or public relations roles.

Benefits of Graphology

• Differentiates leadership from support profiles quickly.
• Evaluates whether a candidate meets general or specific competencies.
• Provides quicker results than other psychological tests.

What Does a Graphology Test Evaluate?

New to graphology? Here’s what experts look for in handwriting:

1. Letter Form
   Reveals moral, cultural, and ethical behavior.

• Angular letters: Strong, logical, rational personality.
• Rounded letters: Passive, social, harmonious character.

2. Letter Size
   Reflects self-esteem and self-projection.

• Large: Desire to be noticed.
• Small: Shyness or social difficulty.

3. Writing Pressure
   Indicates energy and commitment levels.

• Strong: Confidence, decisiveness.
• Light: Insecurity, emotional fragility.

4. Spatial Distribution
   Shows organization and time management.

• Tight spacing: Logic, perseverance.
• Wide spacing: Independence, but may suggest difficulty integrating.

5. Writing Direction
   Reflects emotional state.

• Upward: Positive mood, enthusiasm.
• Downward: Discouragement, emotional fatigue.

6. Writing Speed
   Linked to mental agility and responsiveness.

• Fast: Proactivity, energy.
• Slow: Caution, need for reflection.

7. Signature
   Highly revealing—it’s like a compact version of your life story.

Graphology: A High-Potential Resource

While graphology doesn’t replace traditional evaluation tools, it offers deep insights into personality, making it a valuable asset in recruitment. Its ability to reveal competencies, attitudes, and emotional nuances positions it as an increasingly in-demand method among companies seeking more human, accurate, and strategic hiring.

Final Thought: Your Handwriting Says More Than You Think

Graphology can be a powerful tool to help companies identify the right talent. If you’re asked to take a handwriting test, see it as an opportunity to express your authentic self. Your handwriting could open doors—if it aligns with what the job requires.

The Brain’s Role in Writing and Emotional States

The brain is the organ that coordinates and controls all bodily functions. A person’s way of thinking causes the brain to connect chemical neurotransmitters, which, in turn, generate feelings aligned with those thoughts.

• Optimistic Perspective:
  When thoughts are positive, the brain produces neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin. These chemicals lead to:
  • A sense of well-being
  • Motivation to take on activities
  • Other positive effects
• Negative Perspective:
  When thoughts are filled with anger, sadness, or frustration, the brain increases levels of cortisol and other neuropeptides, resulting in:
  • Feelings of distress
  • Anxiety
  • Other negative sensations

How Should the Lines in a Text Appear?

Ideally, writing should be:

• Straight or moderately upward-slanting.
• Horizontal without being overly rigid.

Classification According to the Degree of Line Direction

Types of Baseline Directions

1. Straight Baseline

• Characteristics: Indicates maturity, calmness, stability, self-control, and emotional balance.

2. Ascending Baseline

• Definition: Lines rise from left to right, with an average incline of less than 5°.
• Interpretation:
  • Optimism and self-control
  • Ambition and creativity
  • Extroversion and independence
  • Loyalty to goals and slight egocentrism.

3. Very Ascending Baseline

• Definition: When the average incline exceeds 5°.
• Interpretation:
  • Excessive optimism and imagination
  • A strong desire for leadership and self-assuredness

4. Descending Baseline

• Definition: Lines slope downward from left to right. This is often confirmed by the direction of “t” bars, letter endings, and punctuation marks.
• Interpretation:
  • Fatigue, lack of motivation, and reduced productivity
  • In extreme cases, it can indicate depression, illness, or frustration
  • Psychological traits: introversion, dependency, and difficulty resolving issues independently

Variations in Baseline Direction

1. Wavy Lines

• Definition: Letters oscillate, and not all touch the baseline.
• Interpretation:
  • Imagination, creativity, and sensitivity
  • Emotional insecurity and adaptability
  • Opportunism, cunning, and extroversion

2. Serpentine Lines

• Definition: Lines form noticeable waves.
• Interpretation:
  • High creativity and intuition
  • Emotional instability and spontaneity
  • Tendency to avoid direct confrontation

3. Concave Baseline

• Definition: Lines curve downward and then rise.
• Interpretation:
  • Initial shyness and passivity
  • Overcoming initial discouragement and transforming introversion into extroversion

4. Convex Baseline

• Definition: Lines curve upward and then descend.
• Interpretation:
  • Initial enthusiasm that wanes after challenges
  • Emotional instability and impulsivity

5. Ascending Staircase

• Definition: Each word rises above the baseline, while the next returns to it, resembling roof tiles.
• Interpretation:
  • Resilience and willpower during tough times

6. Descending Staircase

• Definition: Each word ends lower than the previous one without an overall descending line.
• Interpretation:
  • Struggles against fatigue and adversity.

7. Uneven or Variable Lines

• Definition: A mix of ascending, horizontal, and descending lines.
• Interpretation:
  • Emotional instability
  • Requires careful analysis of writing conditions.

How Are Baselines Measured?

There are several methods to measure the direction and deviations of writing baselines. Each method varies in precision and complexity:

1. Transparent Graph Paper

• Process:
  • Overlay transparent graph paper onto the handwriting sample.
  • Ensure the graph lines align with the writing baselines.
  • Observe any oscillations or deviations in the movement of the lines.

2. Protractor Method

• Process:
  1. Use a protractor to calculate the angle by which the baseline deviates from the horizontal.
  2. Start by drawing straight lines that follow each baseline in the writing sample.
  3. Measure the angle formed between these lines and the horizontal axis using the protractor.
• Challenges:
  • This method can be more complex if the line is highly wavy or irregular.

3. Visual Inspection

• Process:
  • Carefully observe the baselines without additional tools.
  • Draw a guiding line that connects the bases of the letters.
  • Rotate the paper 90° and visually note variations or deviations.

Each method can offer valuable insights, and the choice depends on the level of detail required for the analysis.

Writing Orientation

1. Progressive Writing

• Definition: Flows naturally to the right with spontaneity and ease.
• Interpretation:
  • A tendency to seek connections with others
  • Indicates a need to escape problems

2. Regressive Writing

• Definition: Moves backward toward the left, symbolizing introspection.
• Interpretation:
  • Focus on self-care and personal needs
  • Signs of selfishness or materialism when found in the lower zone
  • Emotional egoism when located in the middle zone

Final Considerations

• Always relate baseline direction with other signs, such as stroke pressure, writing speed, and continuity.
• Explore additional factors like lower-zone activity and overall writing style for a complete analysis.

Thank you for sharing this fascinating topic with us!

Layout studies how lines, words, and letters are distributed. It examines whether the ones written at the beginning of the text are executed better or worse than those at the end.

We must distinguish whether the text is personal or social, as the emotional charge of each is different.

To observe writing in a comprehensive and subjective way, we can ask this guiding questions:

• What overall feeling does the text convey?
• How are the spaces between letters, words, and lines? Does the written text dominate the page, or does the white space prevail?
• Is it pleasant, unpleasant, or indifferent to look at? Are there inconsistencies, corrections, cross-outs, or monotony?
• Does the movement flow smoothly, or is it awkward and hesitant?
• Does the text advance, invading the margins?
• Do the lines ascend or descend? Do the letters overlap or stick together?

Layout Definition

In graphology, order refers to how each element that forms letters and text is distributed, arranged, and centered.

Interpretation: From a psychological perspective, the order in writing reflects an individual’s ability to adapt to social norms, which enables proper integration into society. The internalization of these norms is acquired from both family and society.

Excesses indicate pathology. Both excessive rigidity and extreme disorder suggest that something is not functioning properly.

To determine whether handwriting is orderly or disorderly, factors such as distribution, margin arrangement, and letter proportion are analyzed.

Distribution

Distribution refers to how letters, words, and lines are positioned. There are various ways to assess handwriting. One key measure is the module, which serves as a reference point for what is considered normal. Normal handwriting should be clear, proportional, and organized. Dots, accents, and commas should be placed precisely.

According to Augusto Vels, the module that governs a “normal” distribution is as follows:

1. Normal spacing between letters (within the same word): Equivalent to the width of the ovals in the letters a, o, g, q, and d.
2. Spacing between words: Equal to the width of the letter m in the same handwriting.
3. Spacing between lines: Should be three times the height of the letter m in the same handwriting. The lower parts of the letters from the upper line should never mix with the upper parts of the letters from the lower line.

Clear, Orderly, or Normal Layout

There is harmony between the text and the white space, following the previously mentioned patterns. The letters do not overlap, and the spacing between letters, words, and lines is balanced. The letters are well-formed and executed precisely.

Interpretation: This indicates that the person possesses mental balance and clarity of ideas, as well as the ability to reflect and reason logically. It reflects a sense of order and an awareness of distances, both physical and social. It also suggests strong organizational skills and effective use of energy.

Confused, Disorganized Writing

There is a lack of proper spacing between letters, words, and lines. The previously mentioned rules are not followed, making the text difficult to understand.

The distribution of space is either insufficient or flawed. Letters are too close together (sticking to one another) or overlap (intruding into each other’s space). There are noticeable difficulties in letter formation. Words tend to merge or touch, and letters from upper lines invade those below. Sometimes, even if there is no direct contact, interference occurs between the upper and lower parts of the letters. This means that the writing encroaches on the space meant for the next line.

Interpretation: This writing style is associated with individuals who have unclear thoughts, a lack of organization, and a tendency to be dependent or intrusive. It indicates emotional instability, a changeable temperament, dissociation, unstable relationships, and impulsivity (especially when words touch).

Concentrated Writing

The spacing between letters, words, and lines is smaller than the standard but does not affect readability. The text dominates over the white space.

The entire text is written using continuous sentences, with no paragraph breaks or indentation. Although legibility is maintained and graphic elements do not overlap, the written text is more prominent than the surrounding blank space. Writing may be compact between letters, words, and lines—without clashing—yet the spacing remains narrower than usual.

Psychological Meaning: This writing style reflects logical thinking and strong concentration skills. It is associated with a prudent, discreet, foresighted, and frugal person. There is also a tendency to save, collect, and preserve things. The writer may be introverted and reserved.

The spacing between words indicates how a person relates to others. When words are closely connected, it suggests very close relationships and a tendency toward dependency.

Spaced-Out Distribution

The spacing between letters, words, and lines exceeds the standard without affecting readability. White space dominates over the text, and the letters appear disconnected.

Psychological Meaning:This writing style reflects dispersed energy, which can lead to low productivity in tasks. It is associated with a person who is not very foresighted and tends to establish more distant relationships. They have a need for solitude, are withdrawn and distrustful, and value freedom and independence. They dislike relationships that feel suffocating and may struggle with social interactions.

Organized and Disorganized Writing

Expressing thoughts in writing is not difficult or effortful; it flows easily.

Psychological Significance: This writing style reflects a good level of education, clarity of thought, emotional maturity, and stability in relationships. The person can express what they think and feel without focusing on the act of writing itself.

For writing to be considered organized, it must remain clear throughout the entire text. When analyzing a letter, if at the beginning (where conscious thought predominates) clear spacing between lines, words, and letters is observed, but at the end (where the unconscious dominates) the text becomes more condensed or confusing, the writing is considered disorganized.

If the writing is excessively calligraphic, it indicates dependence on a model or standard, lacks autonomy, and is a sign of immaturity.

How to analyze Layout in Graphology

Measuring Handwriting Spacing: A Guide to Analyzing Letter, Word, and Line Distances in Graphology

1. How to Measure the Distance Between Letters

In the first three lines of text, measure the width of the ovals and obtain the average. Measure the spacing between letters and obtain the average. Compare both averages to determine whether the writing being analyzed is normal, concentrated, or spaced.

By measuring the distance of the vertical lines that pass through the center of each letter, you can deduce whether the spacing between letters is regular or irregular. When measuring the “m” or “w,” each section must be measured separately.

Repeat the process with three lines from the middle of the text and three lines from the end. Comparing the type of spacing between letters in three parts of the text (at the beginning, middle, and end) allows for conclusions to be drawn that take into account the conscious and unconscious levels.
For graphology, the conscious is reflected at the beginning of a text. As the text progresses, the subject focuses on “what is written” and neglects “how it is written.” This allows the unconscious content to emerge.
This is primarily observed in the left and right margins. The gradient is established from the upper left (governed by the conscious) to the lower right (governed by the unconscious). The corresponding psychological interpretation is then assigned.

2. How to measure the distance between words

In the first three lines of the text, the width of the letters m is measured. The average is obtained. The spacing between words is measured, and the average is obtained. These are compared to determine whether the writing is normal, spaced, or concentrated. The corresponding psychological interpretation is then assigned. Repeat the process for three lines in the middle of the text and three at the end to draw conclusions, taking into account the conscious and unconscious levels.

3. Measure the distance between lines

In the first three lines of the text, measure the height of the letters “m.” Obtain the average. Measure the spacing between lines. Compare the averages to determine whether the spacing between lines corresponds to normal, spaced, or concentrated writing. Repeat the process for the middle and end of the text, as in the previous cases.

By understanding and analyzing the distances in handwriting, we can gain valuable insights into the conscious and unconscious processes that influence our personality and emotions, allowing for a deeper interpretation of our inner world.

We’re so used to them that we barely pay attention anymore. And here lies an interesting fact: when we write numbers automatically, like signing our name, we do so under the influence of our subconscious. This process can reveal deep aspects of our inner self.

How Do You Write Your Numbers?

Have you ever wondered how you write numbers?
A simple way to find out is by writing the number sequence from 0 to 9 and observing it closely. Do you write them in a line or a column?

Additionally, when writing a number, do you accompany it with any gestures? Every detail matters, and numbers, beyond their apparent simplicity, can reveal much more than we might imagine.

The Role of Numbers in Graphological Analysis

The Role of Numbers in Graphological Analysis

While the study of numbers is commonly used in Labor Graphological Analysis (Handwriting Analysis For Business), incorporating the Number Test provides valuable insights. This method offers information about:

• The writer’s general objectivity.
• Practical attitudes.
• Decision-making processes regarding material, economic, and technical values.
• Their ability to face concrete problems in reality.

In Graphological Tests Evaluations, analyzing several spontaneously written texts is essential. A single text, no matter how extensive, is insufficient for assessing the writer’s consistency. This analysis explores key areas such as emotional, psychological, and behavioral stability. Furthermore, it delves into the strength and maturity of the individual’s self-image and identity, which are studied particularly through their signature and flourish (rúbrica).

Materials for Graphological Study

For a comprehensive evaluation of personality traits, it is recommended to analyze two or more free texts written by the same individual. These samples may include:

1. Free texts: The person writes whatever comes to mind at that moment.
2. Texts with specific prompts, such as:
   • The Test of My Hands: Writing or speaking freely about their hands for 20 minutes.
   • Completing phrases like:
     • “I was walking, and suddenly I saw in the sky…”
     • “I…”
   • Answering written questions.

To these prompts, adding the Number Test is highly beneficial.

The Number Test Instructions

The Number Test requires the evaluated individual to complete two tasks:

1. Write several rows of numbers:
   • They choose the numbers freely, without restrictions, simply writing whatever comes to mind at the moment.
2. Perform basic mathematical operations:
   • This involves simple calculations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division.
   • These operations must be neatly organized into columns (aligned properly), and several calculations should be performed based on the individual’s choice.

Graphology The Hidden Influence of Numbers

This test aims to evaluate not only the individual’s basic math skills but also:

• Organizational ability.
• Creativity.
• Decision-making processes.
• Their capacity to handle structured tasks.

Read also: Graphology: How to analyze Numbers

Skills Detected Through Number Analysis

The analysis of numbers can reveal various attributes, including:

• Objectivity.
• Attention to detail and precision.
• Ambition for material success and personal growth.
• Mathematical and calculation abilities.
• Technical and administrative competencies.
• Practical intelligence for solving problems.
• Honesty in handling resources.
• Attitudes marked by pride or humility.
• Material selfishness, such as greed or hoarding.
• Poor judgment in managing finances, including wastefulness.

Formal Analysis of Numbers

The formal analysis considers eight key aspects:

1. Order
2. Size
3. Pressure
4. Direction
5. Form/Shape
6. Inclination/Slant
7. Speed
8. Continuity

Order

The way individuals organize and distribute columns and rows of numbers reveals their mental accuracy and values.

• Clear and well-organized numbers:
  • Indicate self-control, clarity, and objectivity in judgment.
  • Reflect importance placed on financial matters and personal ethics regarding material assets.
• Disorganized numbers:
  • Crooked lines, irregular spacing, and poorly formed digits suggest unclear value judgments and imbalance in financial decisions.
  • May hint at dishonesty or moral deviations in handling money.

Size

• Large numbers:
  • Indicate grandiose dreams or speculative tendencies.
  • Excessively large numbers may reflect impracticality or wastefulness.
• Small numbers:
  • Suggest inferiority complexes, isolation, or excessive frugality, even when intelligence and capability are present.

Pressure

The pressure applied reflects:

• Strength or weakness of character.
• The depth of emotions regarding financial matters.

Speed

• Fast writing: Shows quick thinking and action but can indicate impatience or disorganization when illegible.
• Slow writing: May reveal hesitation or laziness.

Direction

• Horizontal alignment: Indicates clarity of thought and sound judgment.
• Ascending lines: Reflect enthusiasm and initiative.
• Descending lines: Suggest fatigue, depression, or poor financial outcomes.

Inclination/Slant

• Vertical numbers: Show self-control and reflection.
• Rightward slant: Indicates passion and a desire for approval.
• Leftward slant: Reflects repression, dishonesty, or timidity.

Continuity

• Connected numbers: Suggest mental fatigue or obsessive tendencies.
• Simplified numbers: Indicate aesthetic sensibility and synthesis ability.

Form/ Shape

• Calligraphic numbers: Show adaptability.
• Complicated numbers: Suggest dissatisfaction or lack of spontaneity.

Summary: Numbers and Handwriting Analysis

The study of numbers offers a unique window into the subconscious mind, revealing valuable insights about personality, decision-making, and attitudes toward material values. By analyzing how numbers are written, we can uncover patterns of thought, emotional tendencies, and practical skills. This simple yet powerful tool enhances the depth of graphological analysis, making it an essential resource for understanding human behavior and character.

Hello friends! The evolution of writing surfaces reflects humanity’s ingenuity in recording knowledge and preserving memories over the centuries. Writing has not only allowed for the documentation of laws and rituals, but has also fostered the spread of culture, science, and literature. In this article, we will explore the various materials and techniques used throughout history, highlighting the importance of both traditional and modern writing surfaces in the transmission of human knowledge.

Hiastory of Writing: Materials, and Techniques

The materials used for writing have been just as important as writing itself. Without the proper tools and surfaces, the development of written language would not have been possible. Throughout history, various techniques and surfaces have been employed to record information.
Today, paper is the universal writing medium, but the journey to its invention was long and complex. In the past, materials of animal, plant, and inorganic origin, such as stones and metals, were essential for this purpose.

General Classification of Writing Surfaces

Writing surfaces are generally divided into two main categories: inscribed and written. Each category employs different materials and techniques.

• Inscribed Surfaces: Writing is carved or engraved into hard surfaces like stone, metal, wood, or bone. These materials provide greater durability but are harder to manipulate.
• Written Surfaces: Pigments or inks are applied to these surfaces using brushes, quills, or other instruments. These surfaces are lighter and easier to transport but less resistant to the effects of time.

Inscribed Surfaces: Recording on Hard Materials

Stone and Metals

Due to their durability, stone was the preferred medium for inscriptions on monuments, tombs, and public decrees in ancient Greece and Rome.

Stone as a Writing Surface
Since prehistoric times, stones have been used to engrave symbols and artistic representations. In more advanced civilizations, such as the Egyptian, Greek, and Roman, stone played a key role. It was used for permanent inscriptions, including:

• Funerary epitaphs
• Public decrees and laws
• Military triumphs engraved on marble or granite

Marble was favored for its ease of polishing and the clarity of the inscriptions, while granite, being harder to carve, was reserved for monuments intended to last millennia.

Metals as a Writing Surface
Although metals were more expensive and difficult to engrave, they were used for important documents.

• Bronze: Employed for military diplomas and legal decrees.
• Copper: Inscribed copper plates were found in India.
• Gold and Silver: In Mesoamerican cultures, such as the Aztec, ceremonial engravings were made on precious metals.

Clay and Ceramics

Cuneiform writing, which dates back to 3200 BCE, is considered the oldest recorded form of writing. Developed in Mesopotamia, it involved engraving damp clay tablets using beveled reeds. Once carved, the tablets were baked in kilns to harden, creating rudimentary archives stored in niches. However, these tablets were heavy and difficult to transport.

Wood and Wax

In antiquity, wooden tablets coated with wax or stucco were widely used, especially in Greece and Rome. These tablets allowed for easy writing and erasing with a stylus, a tool with a pointed end for writing and a blunt end for smoothing the wax.

• Codices: The combination of several tablets bound with rings (as diptychs, triptychs, or polyptychs) formed the first codices, the precursors to modern books.
• Runes: In Germanic cultures, runic inscriptions were carved on wooden chests and staffs.
• Chinese Seals: In China, wood was also used to carve symbols and create stamps.

Written Surfaces: Flexible Materials

Papyrus: The First Major Writing Medium

Papyrus, primarily used in Egypt, was lightweight and easy to transport, facilitating its widespread use for administrative and literary writing. It was made from the cyperus papyrus plant, which grew along the Nile River. Thin strips from the plant’s stem were woven together, flattened with an ivory hammer, and left to dry in the sun. Although papyrus enabled the trade of manuscripts, its preservation was challenging. To protect it from moisture and insects, it had to be treated with oils.

The bright, flexible papyrus was rolled into scrolls for easier transport, and these were exported to Greece and Rome, promoting the spread of knowledge and the establishment of libraries. However, over time, papyrus was replaced by parchment.

Parchment: The Material of Great Libraries

Parchment, named after the city of Pergamum (in modern Turkey), was made from animal skins (calves, goats, or sheep) and became the primary writing surface after the decline of papyrus. Its durability made it ideal for important documents and sacred texts.

• The Library of Pergamum: In Pergamum, the parchment-making process was perfected through cleaning, tanning, and stretching, resulting in a smooth, durable surface for writing.
• Medieval Manuscripts: During the Middle Ages, monks copied ancient texts onto parchment, preserving classical knowledge.

Writing Surfaces in Ancient Cultures

Bones and Shells: Pre-Columbian America

The Aztecs and Mayans recorded historical events on turtle bones, whale bones, and other animal remains. In these cultures, writing had a spiritual and symbolic element, and the choice of material often held ritual significance.

Bamboo and Silk: Innovation in China

Before paper became widespread, the Chinese used bamboo tablets for writing. They also employed silk for ceremonial inscriptions and important documents due to its flexibility and elegance.

The Evolution of Paper: From China to Europe

Paper, invented in China around the 2nd century BCE, revolutionized information recording. The earliest paper was made from a mixture of rice fibers, hemp, and silk remnants, which were soaked in water to create a cellulose pulp. This pulp was then pressed into thin sheets and coated with natural adhesives. Later, linen rags were used to produce higher-quality paper.

• Arab Diffusion: Arabs learned the art of papermaking in the 8th century and introduced it to Europe, where it quickly spread.
• Cultural Impact: The availability of paper led to the development of printing presses in the 15th century, enabling the mass dissemination of knowledge and marking the beginning of the modern era.

Modern and Contemporary Writing Surfaces

Paper in the Digital Age

Despite the rise of digital technologies, paper remains an essential medium for many purposes, from legal documents to literary works. Today, specialized papers are manufactured for various needs, such as recycled paper, photographic paper, and waterproof paper.

Electronic Surfaces: The Future of Writing

Digital devices like tablets, screens, and hard drives have largely replaced traditional writing materials. However, these modern surfaces do not diminish the importance of their predecessors. Printed documents remain necessary in many contexts, and handwriting is still valued for its cognitive benefits.

Writing by hand activates greater brain connectivity than typing on a keyboard. The perceptual, motor, and higher cognitive areas are more engaged during manual writing, enhancing learning and information retention.

Conclusion: The Ongoing Evolution of Writing Surfaces

From carved stones to modern paper, the surfaces used for writing have evolved alongside humanity. Each material has served a specific role in its historical context, facilitating the transmission of knowledge and preserving collective memory. Writing has transformed from a tool for recording transactions and laws into an art form, a science, and a medium for literature.

Today, while paper and digital devices dominate the scene, the history of writing surfaces reflects human creativity and adaptability in finding new ways to express ideas. Each surface, from sculpted stones to printed pages, has left an indelible mark on how we document and share knowledge.

I hope you’ve enjoyed this article on History of Writing Materials and found the information valuable. Explore more topics and insights on our website!

These mechanisms are normal and natural in human mental activity and are present in everyone. However, they can become problematic if overused or applied too rigidly.

They are unconscious resources we use to find balance, avoid suffering, and eliminate from our consciousness painful experiences that we have not been able to process or understand, which hinder our healthy functioning.

The Professional Graphologist Must Know Defense Mechanisms

For a professional graphologist to conduct a complete and accurate analysis of personality, it is essential to understand ego defense mechanisms. These mechanisms are fundamental to understanding how people handle stress, anxiety, and conflict situations. Without this knowledge, we are limited to describing the graphical aspects of handwriting without truly delving into the deeper meaning of the writing.

Defense Mechanisms in Handwriting

What Happens When Defense Mechanisms Are Overused

Defense mechanisms are a normal part of our functioning, but in certain cases, they can become problematic. Inappropriate, very intense, or excessive use of these mechanisms can cause problems such as suppressing feelings, developing psychological and physical symptoms, affecting our identity, and increasing dependency on habits and fantasies. This can hinder our functioning and reduce honesty and intimacy in our relationships, without resolving the underlying conflict.

Graphology detects defensive mechanisms through the psychological types defined by Freud in the Oral, Anal, and Phallic stages. By analyzing handwriting, one can identify the predominant stage and, consequently, the defensive techniques being used. This analysis allows for a deeper and more accurate study of personality, contributing to a more complete and scientific graphological profile from a psychological perspective.

Defense Mechanisms by Anna Freud

Ego defense mechanisms were first proposed by Sigmund Freud (1925), but it was his daughter, Anna Freud (1973), who delved deeper into the topic and made the first systematic classification. Without these defense mechanisms, we would act solely on impulses. If these defenses did not activate when we feel basic emotions like fear or anger, it could cause mental imbalances.

Ego defense mechanisms act unconsciously and do not change reality but try to reduce the anxiety it causes us. We all use one or more of these mechanisms in different situations, although each person predominantly uses certain mechanisms, which characterizes their personality type.

They are classified as primary or secondary based on when they appear in our development. Primary defenses develop early in life and tend to deny reality. Secondary defenses develop later and usually maintain a sense of reality.

Regression in handwriting

Regression is the unconscious process by which an individual returns to immature, more childlike, and less demanding behavior patterns to evade conflict and find security. This involves reverting to behaviors that are presumed to have been overcome and processed, as they correspond to earlier developmental stages. For example, an adult who throws a tantrum like a child when something does not go as expected.

In Handwriting: To interpret, read HERE the Graphical Aspects.

• Order: Decreasing left margin, large right margin, delayed punctuation, concentrated writing.
• Size: Small writing with short downstrokes.
• Shape: Childish letters, inconsistent connections.
• Speed: Slow writing.
• Direction: Descending lines.
• Slant: Reversed.
• Pressure: Heavy.
• Continuity: Disconnected writing, inconsistent cohesion, regressive writing.
• Reflex Letters: Low crossbars on “t”.
• Signature: To the left, signature enclosed by a flourish.

Read also: How to analyze your signature

Repression

Repression involves preventing painful or dangerous thoughts and feelings, which generate anxiety, from entering consciousness. This mechanism activates when a desire conflicts with morality (the Superego). Instead of confronting these thoughts or memories, the mind pushes them into the unconscious. For example, the desire to harm another person. A thought is removed from consciousness due to its disturbing potential. An immoral thought that is set aside remains in the unconscious, generating symptoms. Everything repressed expresses itself through external symptoms, returning as fantasies, slips of the tongue, failures, relationship difficulties, breakups, etc. Repression involves a constant “mental energy expenditure” that weakens the personality.

• Order: Predominance of white space, decreasing left margin, concentrated writing.
• Shape: Threadlike writing, angular, presence of arcs.
• Slant: Moderately reversed.
• Continuity: Regressive writing.
• Reflex Letters: Split ovals.
• Signature: To the left.

Displacement

Displacement occurs when an emotion or impulse is redirected from its original object to another because expressing it directly would be too distressing. This mechanism allows emotions to be released in a less dangerous or socially acceptable direction. For example, someone frustrated with their boss might take out their frustration by yelling at a family member or hitting a pillow. In this case, it is a defense mechanism where the anger is displaced to another person or object.

• Size: Decreasing, displaced.
• Shape: Threadlike writing.
• Pressure: Heavy writing.
• Reflex Letters: Flattened ovals.

Reaction Formation

Reaction formation involves substituting an emotion or impulse with its opposite. It is behaving in an exaggeratedly opposite way to the original impulse. Those who greatly fear their aggressive emotions tend to use reaction formations to protect themselves from what might feel dangerously uncontrollable. For example, turning hate into love, stinginess into generosity, or extreme cleanliness into order.

• Size: Large writing.
• Shape: Calligraphic, curved writing.
• Slant: Reversed.
• Continuity: Regressive writing.
• Signature: Lack of coherence between signature and text.

Isolation

Isolation involves separating emotion and affect from painful thoughts or memories, expressing them without emotional charge. It is common in obsessive neurosis. An intolerable idea is separated from the emotions it produces, remaining in consciousness in a weakened form. For example, recounting a traumatic event like a death or accident with normality, as if it were insignificant. This “emotional anesthesia” can be useful in professions like surgery.

• Order/ layout Spaced writing.
• Size: Small, contained writing.
• Shape: Angular writing.
• Continuity: Letters close together, lapses in cohesion.
• Gestures: Loops.
• Reflex Letters: “s” closed at the bottom.
• Signature: To the left, separated from the text, small, enclosed by a flourish.

Undoing

Undoing involves performing a specific act to nullify or compensate for a painful emotion (usually guilt or shame) by using contradictory behaviors at successive moments. It is common in obsessive-compulsive disorders. The obsessive person often performs compulsive rituals to nullify the feared destructive effects. The second positive behavior tries to magically nullify the true feeling that appeared reflected in the first to “undo” it as if nothing had happened.

An individual who feels they are harming another person might try to compensate by treating them excessively well in a compulsive manner.

• Slant: Uneven writing.
• Pressure: Presence of retouches.
• Continuity: Regressive, uneven writing.
• Reflex Letters: Closed ovals, flattened ovals.
• Signature: Difference between signature and text.

Projection

Projection involves attributing to others (people or objects) what is actually one’s own. This mechanism tends to distort the perception of others. It is the process by which what is inside is interpreted as coming from outside and not recognized as one’s own. For example, one gets angry with their brother, but the Superego says that is unacceptable. The problem is resolved by thinking, “He is angry with me.”

• Order: Advanced points and accents.
• Size: Overraised writing.
• Direction: Rigid horizontal writing.
• Pressure: Variations in vertical and horizontal pressure.
• Reflex Letters: Descending crossbars on “t”, advanced crossbars, angular downstrokes.

Introjection

Introjection is the psychological process by which a person incorporates into their internal system beliefs, patterns, or qualities of others or the social context as if they were their own. From childhood, behavior patterns, norms, values, and prejudices transmitted by parents, institutions, and religions are incorporated from the external world. This is done unconsciously and forms the basis of the Superego. In its more problematic forms, it can result in identification with the aggressor. For example, we internalize ethical or moral norms that are indoctrinated into us. “In life, you have to get married and have children,” and without questioning it, these beliefs are taken as real, leaving aside one’s own desires and needs.

• Order: Concentrated writing, small left margin.
• Size: Small writing.
• Shape: Rounded, garlanded writing.
• Slant: Inclined.
• Pressure: Light.
• Reflex Letters: Open ovals.

Turning Against Oneself

This defense mechanism involves directing negative emotions, impulses, or thoughts towards oneself instead of others. This can manifest as excessive self-criticism, self-harm, self-loathing, or even self-destructive behavior. It is a way to manage internal distress or guilt by internalizing it and directing it towards oneself rather than expressing it outwardly towards others or objects. Instead of hitting someone else, the person hits themselves or an object.

• Shape: Angular writing.
• Gesture: Hooks, regressive endings.
• Reflex Letters: Regressive, pointed crossbars on “t”, punctured ovals.

Denial

To defend or protect oneself from an unpleasant reality despite its evidence, one denies or rejects it. Denial involves refusing to accept that something is happening, based on the belief, “If I don’t acknowledge it, it doesn’t happen.” Freud stated that what is denied is affirmed. “It’s not that I didn’t want to come, it just got late.” If told they have few days to live, the reaction would be, “It can’t be; there must be a mistake in the results.” Its roots lie in the early egocentric stages of development where everything that is, and is not, revolves around oneself.

• Order: Increasing left margin, lack of punctuation, predominance of white space over text.
• Size: Low writing.
• Shape: Arched, threadlike writing.
• Pressure: Firm.
• Gesture: Regressive and short endings.
• Reflex Letters: High crossbars on “t”, closed ovals with loops.
• Signature: Illegible.

Rationalization

Rationalization involves unconsciously creating reasons to justify or cover the true reason for a behavior or act that would be experienced as conflicting. For example, a person’s child commits a crime of fraud, and the father justifies it by saying, “His partner led him astray; from the start, I knew that man was not good for him.” He cannot accept his child’s responsibility. This defense allows one to accept the situation with less resentment.

• Order: Clear writing.
• Size: Overraised, tall writing.
• Shape: Threadlike, simplified writing.
• Pressure: Firm.

Sublimation

Sublimation involves finding a satisfying way to channel impulses that cannot be expressed socially into constructive, creative activities. It allows the release of the impulse, displaced and transformed, instead of struggling against it. Aggressiveness can be sublimated by practicing or watching sports like boxing.

• Order: Proportioned, good graphic space management.
• Size: Small, tall writing.
• Shape: Simplified, sober, original.
• Speed: Steady writing.
• Direction: Ascending writing.
• Pressure: Light.
• Continuity: Evolved, progressive writing.
• Gesture: Ascending endings.
• Signature: Well-formed, minimal flourish.

Although graphological analysis helps in understanding the writer’s personality, it’s not always essential to do it comprehensively. It depends on the evaluation’s objective. When analyzing a handwritten text, studying every aspect isn’t necessary; we can focus on specific criteria. In graphology, what serves us the analysis of the dots of the “i” and the bars of the “t”? This article explores the relationship between the writer’s attention and willpower, and written expression: Handwriting analysis: Letter “i” and Letter “t”

Understanding the Significance of Attention in Cognitive Functioning

Attention is a cognitive process that allows us to focus on certain stimuli or information. It involves the ability to concentrate on something specific while ignoring distractions. In summary, attention serves us to guide, select, maintain, and process important information correctly.

Attention is crucial in numerous daily activities, from simple tasks like reading a book to more complex activities like solving mathematical problems or engaging in conversation. It is considered a fundamental component in cognitive functioning and plays a significant role in perception, memory, learning, and decision-making.

Attention, concentration, and memory are interconnected in our thinking. When we focus on something, a situation, a sound, or an image, we can maintain our attention thanks to our ability to concentrate. This depends on several aspects:

• Our level of interest in the topic or situation.
• Our willingness to stay focused.

Understanding the Dynamic Nature of Attention: Factors Influencing its Activation and Intensity

Our ability to pay attention can change for various reasons, including our personality and emotional state. Factors such as our mood, whether we feel sad or excited, if we’re tired or stressed, or if we have mental health issues like addictions, can affect our attention. Our attention is activated when we become interested in something, whether it’s because we want to learn more about it, impress others, or fulfill our responsibilities. This attention is intensified by our curiosity, which is essential for learning new things. Attention is crucial for remembering things, as we need to focus on a topic for a while to retain it in our memory. That’s why it’s an essential element of our thinking. To pay attention means, at the same time, to perceive and understand. To understand something, we need to recall other knowledge, relate it, compare it, and evaluate it. Attention always goes hand in hand with willpower, especially when we need to focus on something. When we pay attention:

• We focus on something specific.
• We choose what’s important at that moment.
• We maintain that focus for as long as necessary.
• We also resist distractions and can shift our focus if necessary.

Unlocking the Power of Attention and Willpower: Insights from Graphology

Attention and willpower are closely related. Attention involves directing our thoughts and energy towards something specific, while willpower helps us maintain that attention persistently. In other words, willpower is crucial for sustaining our attention on a particular topic, especially when facing distractions or the temptation to shift our focus. The ability to resist these distractions and stay focused on what we consider important is a manifestation of our willpower in action. Therefore, attention and willpower work together to help us concentrate on what we want to perceive and understand.

According to M. Xandró in his work “Superior Graphology,” the primary indicator of attention and precision is the smallest sign: the dot. The placement of dots reveals both precision and carelessness. Additionally, indicators of attention and precision include well-positioned punctuation marks, correctly drawn and clearly distinguishable letters, and a certain regularity in writing style. Carelessness and forgetfulness, such as the absence of a i-dots or in the t- bars, as well as the involuntary omission or repetition of letters and words, indicate a lack of precision and attention. According to A. Vels in the “Dictionary of Graphology,” “In general, putting a dot accurately and precisely is to specify and be exact in judgments, observations, and obligations.”

Understanding the Psychological Insights Revealed by the Letter “i”

The letter “i” doesn’t usually reflect all emotions, even though it’s located in the middle zone of handwriting. However, it gives us an idea about the creativity of the writer, their intellectual acuity, cultural level, and desire to progress. It also shows a connection with reality and practicality, indicating how the person adapts to different situations.

The vertical stroke of the “i” represents the basis of activity and argument, while the dot expresses thought.
The dot of the “i” reveals the writer’s different emotional states: anguish, inhibition, shyness, obsession, depression, fears, childhood conflicts, anxiety, etc. It also shows attitudes towards life, such as idealism, materialism, positivism, and religious beliefs, as well as intellectual characteristics such as mental agility, precision, attention to detail, sense of duty, thoroughness, and scientific spirit, or behavioral alterations such as negligence, laziness, frequent forgetfulness, apathy, disorder, and distraction.

Unveiling the Power Within: Understanding Will and Volitional Energy through Graphology

Will. Volitional Energy: Concept

Willpower is the intention or resolution that drives us to do things. Analyzing the lowercase letter “t” provides a wide range of possibilities for understanding the writer’s will, as well as information about their behavior and their struggle to achieve their goals and maintain their opinions firmly. This letter summarizes the relationship between ideals, action, and consequences, allowing us to determine if the planned objectives are achieved. It also provides clues about the temperament and character of the individual, their internal conflicts, and the barriers they face in fully developing their personality. Additionally, it reveals the level of decision-making, independence of thought, life outlook (realistic or idealistic), level of intelligence (logical or intuitive), ability to relate, firmness in ideas, and impulsivity in actions.

According to A. Vels in the Dictionary of Graphology: “Having willpower is having energy and sufficient self-control to move from a clear and objective idea to the achievement of the goal pursued.” The letter “t” is known as the letter of willpower. It travels in two opposite directions:

• From top to bottom when drawing the stem: personal affirmation, degree of inner energy.

• From left to right to draw the bar: reflects the expansive power of will in action.

According to M. Xandró, “volitional flow is not only reflected in the letter “t,” but the driving force toward personal achievements is observed in all horizontal movements, such as in “r,” the tilde of “ñ,” “b,” “v,” and “s.“

Exploring the Emotional Language of “i” and “t” in Graphology

The comparison between what both lowercase letters, “i” and “t,” reflect lies in the fact that both provide information about the emotions, attitudes, and characteristics of the individual writing them. Both the stroke of the “i” and the “t” offer clues about creativity, adaptability, level of emotionality, decision-making, firmness of beliefs, and other aspects that reveal a lot about the writer. Additionally, both letters allow for interpreting the relationship between the individual’s ideals and actions, as well as their efforts to achieve their goals and their level of personal fulfillment.

Hello everyone! In graphology, pressure refers to the force behind a stroke. When we talk about “graphic pressure”, we mean the force with which we press the pen on the paper. Some people barely touch the pen when they write, while others apply significant pressure. Some people achieve clean strokes, while others tend to have messy, thick writing. It is essential to work with original samples, although good quality photocopies can give a rough idea of the pressure used when writing. It is also important to consider the materials used, such as the pen tip, ink, and paper quality. Factors such as writing surface, writing position and environmental conditions also influence graphic pressure. In cases where irregularities are found in the writing pressure, it is recommended to obtain several samples to investigate whether they are due to the tools used.

There is an “easy” way to feel the pressure a pen applies to paper as you write. Simply run your hand on the backside of the sheet. What do you feel?

What does the pressure of the strokes reveal?

From the Psychological point of view, the pressure in the stroke reflects the mental energy of a person. Confidence and conviction in what we do are manifested in writing through pressure. When writing, sometimes we are not aware of how much force we use. The muscles of the hand move on their own, beyond our control or will. Both too little and too much pressure can indicate disorders or health problems. Proper writing pressure indicates health, vitality and strength.

What is healthy handwriting pressure?

PRESSURE GRAPHIC MODULE

Pressure should not show too many sudden fluctuations. It should be firm and clear, without twisting, shaking, shaking, breaking or congestion.

Max Pulver believes that stroke strength or pressure when writing is an indicator of a person’s creative productivity, although he makes no assumptions about the specific quality of the work produced.

The sub-aspects that we will analyze in this article are: Tension, caliber, depth and relief.

Tension in Graphology

Firm handwriting pressure

In a tense and firm writing, there are clear and straight movements. It is associated with straight lines, well-defined and clean strokes. There are no undulations or inflections in any direction. Overall, the writing is dynamic and decisive. Interpretation: These individuals are characterized by reason, logical thinking, concentration, and introversion. They exhibit security, stability, a tendency to control everything, and a dominant personality. Signs of introversion indicate good resistance to change. While they don’t seek dominance, they display firmness and won’t allow themselves to be dominated. Higher tension correlates with increased resistance and physical dynamism. Negatively, accumulated emotional tensions can lead to sudden, violent, or disproportionate reactions, such as intense anger, aggression, or abrupt behavior.

Loose pressure

Tension is loose when movements are twisted, undulating, or curved. Strokes may have angles but lack tension. Interpretation: It is seen as a lack of firmness in personality, an inability to act, a weak inclination to act, a deficit in vital tone, and poor resistance to change. It is also associated with greater imagination and childish characteristics in personality. Individuals with these traits tend to be unstable, insecure, and dependent, although they can sometimes be communicative and extroverted. It is linked to the lymphatic temperament. Note: In Gille’s “Psychology of Writing,” Neurasthenia is mentioned. This term was used in the 19th and early 20th centuries to describe a disorder characterized by excessive fatigue, exhaustion, irritability, and difficulty concentrating. Nowadays, these symptoms could be associated with disorders like chronic fatigue syndrome or anxiety disorders.

Soft pressure

In this writing, predominant movements are curved with little pressure. It is often associated with descending lines. Loops curve, forming a “C” shape. Interpretation: It adapts without resistance, displaying sociability, patience, sweetness, loyalty, and passivity. Small angles may appear at the base or top of letters, or above “t.” According to Crepieux-Jamín, these angles are justified because “soft people are stubborn. The weakness of their energy leads them to say NO to everything proposed. The lower the intellectual level, the greater the obstinacy.”

Alternately Tense and Loose handwriting

It is firm in some areas and loose in others, for example, tense loops and a loose middle, or vice versa. Changes in tension can also be observed in different graphic zones, taking into account the symbolism of space.

Depth pressure in Graphology

Deep pressure handwriting: Depth is perceived by touch on the back of the sheet, leaving a groove or can be visualized using a magnifying glass. Breaks in the paper may appear. Interpretation: Deep and strong pressure expresses the amount of energy the individual possesses. Increased pressure leads to a decrease in graphic speed, translating to slower mental processes, work endurance, and concentration capacity. In general, it signifies a good intellectual level, logical thinking, good health, decisiveness, and resolution. Perseverance, impulsiveness, introversion, independence, yet appropriate social interaction. According to Pulver: Good creative activity, regardless of the quality of the production.

Superficial pressure handwriting: This occurs when the stroke does not penetrate the paper, and there is no groove felt on the back of the sheet. The intensity of color varies within the same stroke. Interpretation: This type of writing symbolizes a person with more superficial and magical thinking, indecisive and insecure, not authentic in their expressions. Distrustful, even if extroverted, they are dependent and have a need to be accepted by others.

Relief in Graphology

The relief for graphology is the contrast between the background and the written text. It is personal and independent of intention. With the same paper and ink, if we ask several people to write a text, we will observe variations in the relief.

High Relief: Powerful contrast between ink and paper. It gains more value when combined with clear, orderly and simplified writing. Interpretation: Expresses vitality, psychological balance and work capacity. Extraversion, independence, desire to stand out and tendency to impose one’s own opinion.

Low Relief: Faded and pale writing, lack of contrast between ink and paper. Interpretation: It means slow thinking, absorbing and selfish personality, narcissism, influenceability and dependence.

Caliber pressure in Graphology

In graphology, the thickness or width of the line is called caliber.

Nurtured Writing: When the writing has a caliber greater than half a millimeter it is called nourished. Indicates good psychophysical health and good performance and productivity.

Robust writing: When it contains deep, firm, fast and supported writing characteristics, and the caliber exceeds 3/4 of a millimeter, it is called robust. Indicates greater mental than physical strength.

Graphic pressure abnormalities

Crooked strokes, breaks, shaky lines and pasty writing. These types of writing anomalies are addressed in Graphopathology. It is important to note that the graphologist does not diagnose but rather collaborates and advises in disciplinary teams to prevent diseases.

Sources: Vels. A, Writing and Personality; Vels, A, Dictionary of Graphology.